Oceanologia No. 39 (1) / 97
Contents
Papers
Dissertations
Papers
Jolanta
Kuśmierczyk-Michulec, Roman Marks, Krystyna Kruczalak
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Modelling
of the aerosol size distribution and aerosol optical properties over the
Baltic Sea
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 3-16
Keywords: Baltic Sea, Aerosol size distribution,
Empirical orthogonal functions, Extinction coefficient, Single scattering
albedo
Manuscript received September 6, 1996, in final form January 9, 1997.
Abstract
Some applications of the method of modelling the aerosol size spectral
distribution are presented. The single scattering albedo of the aerosol
is calculated on the basis of particle counter measurements and the results
of the empirical orthogonal functions method. The experimental measurements
were done during two research cruises on the Baltic Sea and during two
coastal experiments at Lubiatowo in 1994 and 1995. The results confirmed
that the aerosol size distribution can be represented by a slowly varying
background of dust-like particles superimposed on the distribution of marine
particles, multiplied by amplitude functions reflecting the latter's contribution.
The amplitude functions were found to be dependent on the speed and direction
of the wind.
Sławomir
B. Woźniak
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Mathematical
spectral model of solar irradiance reflectance and transmittance by a wind-ruffled
sea surface. Part 2. Modelling results and application
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 17-34
Keywords: Sea surface reflectance, Sea surface
transmittance
Manuscript received October 14, 1996, in final form December
20, 1996.
Abstract
This paper presents analyses of spectral dependences of solar irradiance
reflectance and transmittance on a wide range of environmental factors.
It is based on the theoretical model worked out earlier (Wożniak, 1996a),
which includes relationships, modified by the author, for the sea surface
slope distribution and foam coverage as functions of a dynamic factor,
i.e. the mean height of the wind waves H.
The Snell and Fresnel laws are applied to light transmission through the
surface. Spectral dependences of light refraction in the 350-18000 nm range
are taken into account, but polarisation effects are neglected. On the
basis of this model, a table of solar irradiance reflectances and transmittances
has been computed for a surface illuminated by direct and diffuse light,
for solar zenith angles from 1-85o, and for various sea states
and values of the irradiance diffuseness in the atmosphere. In addition,
a simplified polynomial method for calculating the real surface reflectance
and transmittance of solar irradiance is presented.
Jan
Piechura, Waldemar Walczowski, Agnieszka Beszczyńska-Möller
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
On
the structure and dynamics of the water in the Słupsk Furrow
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 35-54
Keywords: Water transport, Mesoscale dynamics,
Mixing
Manuscript received November 14, 1996, in final form January 6,
1997.
Abstract
During 1994-1996 nearly 50 cruises both along and across the Slupsk
Furrow were made with the use of an undulating CTD. Special attention was
paid to the Słupsk Sill separating the Slupsk Furrow from the Bornholm
Deep.
The flow of higher-salinity water over the Słupsk Sill was recorded;
it was splash-like in nature. This finding was further confirmed by the
temperature and salinity distribution of the deep water in the Slupsk Furrow.
The origin, frequency and duration of this flow are not yet clear. The
transport of waters flowing into the Slupsk Furrow is very often wave-like.
Internal waves were detected, propagating both along the axis and across
the channel. The break up of the internal waves and the resultant diapycnal
mixing were also noted.
The perturbations in the thermohaline structure resulting from hydraulically
controlled transport over the sill were clearly observed. Both convectional
mixing in the intermediate layers as well as the formation of mesoscale
structures were recorded.
The objective of this paper is to describe and make a preliminary analysis
of the dynamic processes related to the transport of the inflowing, dense
water in the bottom layers. The various phenomena will be described in
greater detail in subsequent publications.
Lidia
Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Andrzej Zieliński
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Numerical
studies of the influence of the nutrient regeneration mechanism on the
chlorophyll a concentration in a stratified sea
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 55-82
Keywords: Biological model, Phytoplankton,
Regeneration, Nutrient
Manuscript received January 2, 1997, in final form
February 2, 1997.
Abstract
This paper presents numerical simulations of variability in such biological
processes as nutrient uptake by phytoplankton, nutrient release, nutrient
remineralisation within the water column and nutrients excreted by zooplankton,
and the effect of these processes on the distribution functions of chlorophyll
a and nutrient concentration in a stratified sea. The influence
of these processes on the distribution functions was recorded in the changes
in biological and chemical parameters, such as the factor limiting production
increase, the maximum rate of production increase, the function characterising
the vertical distribution of zooplankton and the coefficients nz,
nf and ne of the material being grazed.
The numerical studies were carried out using a two-dimensional biological
upper layer model (phytoplankton-phosphate) with a well-developed regeneration
mechanism. This paper presents the vertical distributions of these biological
characteristics in order to facilitate a better understanding of temporal
changes, albeit under the assumption that the above processes are horizontally
uniform. The calculations were made in an area of 0 ≤
z ≤ 20 m with a vertical
space step of 10 cm and a time step of 15 min. The complex experimental
data, gathered during the international experiment PEX ´86, and subsequently
by the International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, were used
as the input data for the calculations.
Grażyna
Kowalewska, Joanna Konat
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Distribution
of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of the southern
Baltic Sea
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 83-104
Keywords: PAHs, Sediments, Baltic Sea, Phytoplankton,
Pigments, HPLC
Manuscript received January 7, 1997, in final form February
10, 1997.
Abstract
Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined by a diode-array
HPLC method in recent (0-10 cm) sediments collected from the southern Baltic
Sea in 1994-1996. The sum of the concentrations of 12 unsubstituted PAHs
were from 10 to 7000 ng g -1 (d.w.) (av. 1830 ng g -1).
It is proposed that, besides the most abundant individual PAHs and `total
PAH´ values, which cannot be compared owing to the different sampling
and analytical methods used, a marker of pyrogenic pollution such as benzo(a)pyrene
should be regarded as obligatory by all the laboratories dealing with environmental
PAHs. The concentration of benzo(a)pyrene in the sediments examined ranged
from 0.3 to 418 ng g -1 (d.w.) (av. 98 ng g -1).
Comparison of the correlation coefficients for PAH concentrations with
phytoplankton pigments and organic carbon in Baltic sediments indicates
that phytoplankton is the factor principally responsible for the transport
of PAHs from the water to the southern Baltic sediments.
Dissertations
Jolanta
Kuśmierczyk-Michulec
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
An
optical model of the atmosphere for satellite research of the Baltic Sea
(review by J. Olszewski)
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 105-106
Ph.
D. thesis in marine physics supervised by Associate Professor Jerzy Olszewski.
Tymon Zieliński
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Application
of the lidar method to determine the influence of dynamic atmospheric conditions
on the concentrations and particle size distribution functions of the marine
aerosol (review by K. Korzeniewski)
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 107-108
Ph.
D. thesis in physical oceanography supervised by Professor Krzysztof Korzeniewski.
Ksenia Pazdro
Institute
of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sopot
Identification of fatty acids and their occurrence in the southern Baltic ecosystem (review
by J. Pempkowiak)
Oceanologia
1997, no. 39 (1), pp. 109-110
Ph.
D. thesis in chemical oceanography supervised by Professor Janusz Pempkowiak.