Oceanologia No. 42 (1) / 00

Contents

Acknowledgement

Papers

Communications

Chronicle

Acknowledgement


The Editor is very grateful to the following reviewers who were kind enough to comment on the manuscripts submitted to OCEANOLOGIA in 1999:
Dr. Eugeniusz Andrulewicz (Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland) * Dr. Ryszard Bojanowski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Erik Bonsdorff (Abo Akademi University, Finland) * Prof. Dr. Juliusz Chojnacki (Agricultural Academy, Szczecin, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Witold Cieślikiewicz (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Dr. Herve Claustre (Pierre and Marie Curie University, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France) * Prof. Dr. Jerzy Cyberski (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Wojciech Donderski (Nicolaus Copernicus University, Torun, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Czesław Druet (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Izabella Dunin-Kwinta (Maritime Academy, Szczecin, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Danuta Frąckowiak (University of Technology, Poznan, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Czesław Garbalewski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Józef Grabowski (University of Technology, Poznan, Poland) * Prof. Dr. John S. Gray (University of Oslo, Norway) * Prof. Dr. Howard R. Gordon (University of Miami, USA) * Prof. Dr. Sergei Gulev (P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology RAS, Moscow, Russia) * Prof. Dr. Lars Hagerman (University of Copenhagen, Helsingor, Denmark) * Prof. Dr. Niels Højerslev (University of Copenhagen, Denmark) * Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Jażdżewski (University of Łódź, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Tadeusz Jednorał (Marine Institute, Gdańsk, Poland) * Dr. Mirosław Jonasz (M. Jonasz Consultants, Optical Sensing Technology, Beaconsfield, Canada) * Dr. Sirje Keevallik (Estonian Meteorological Institute, Tallinn, Estonia) * Prof. Dr. Zygmunt Klusek (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Zbigniew Kosma (Technical University, Radom, Poland) * Doc. Dr. Grażyna Kowalewska (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Zygmunt Kowalik (University of Alaska, Fairbanks, USA) * Prof. Dr. Eugeniusz Kozaczka (The Polish Naval Academy, Gdynia, Poland) * Doc. Dr. Adam Krężel (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Dr. Tadeusz Król (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Gotfryd Kupryszewski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Henryk Lasota (Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Ryszard Ligowski (University of Łódź, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Ole J. Lønne (The University Courses on Svalbard, Longyearbyen, Norway) * Prof. Dr. Stanisław Massel (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Józef Mojski (The Polish Geological Institute, Branch of Marine Geology, Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. André Morel (Pierre and Marie Curie University, Villefranche-sur-Mer, France) * Doc. Dr. Józef Nieradko (University of Gdańsk, Gdynia, Poland) * Doc. Dr. Jerzy Olszewski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Opaliński (Institute of Ecology PAS, Warsaw, Poland) * Dr. Ksenia Pazdro (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Janusz Pempkowiak (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Lars-Eric Persson (Kalmar University, Sweden) * Dr. Jacek Piskozub (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Marcin Pliński (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Dr. Teresa Radziejewska (Agricultural Academy, Szczecin, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Henryk Renk (Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Krzysztof Rolka (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Alain Saliot (Pierre and Marie Curie University, Paris, France) * Prof. Dr. Jadwiga Siemińska (Institute of Botany PAS, Cracow, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Bogdan Skwarzec (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Andrzej Stolyhwo (Technical University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Dariusz Stramski (University of California at San Diego, USA) * Prof. Dr. Hilding Sundqvist (Stockholm University, Sweden) * Prof. Dr. Antoni Śliwiński (University of Gdańsk, Poland) * Doc. Dr. Anna Trzosińska (Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Maritime Branch, Gdynia, Poland) * Doc. Dr. Zbigniew Witek (Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Bogdan Woźniak (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Henryk Wrembel (Pedagogical University, Słupsk, Poland) * Prof. Dr. Andrzej Zieliński (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland) * Dr. Bronisław Żółtogórski (University of Technology, Wrocław, Poland).

Papers


Acoustically measured diurnal vertical migration of fish and zooplankton in the Baltic Sea -- seasonal variations
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 5-17

Joanna Szczucka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; szczucka@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: sound scattering layers, diurnal vertical migration, Baltic Sea

Manuscript received 25 October 1999, reviewed 21 December 1999, accepted 12 January 2000.
Abstract
Acoustic measurements were conducted at different seasons in the last five years at a fixed point of the Baltic Sea at a frequency 30 kHz concurrently with temperature and salinity sampling. Echosounding records were used to determine the seasonal and diurnal migration patterns of scattering layers in accordance with thermohaline conditions. Different seasonal patterns of nocturnal aggregations of organisms dependent on the temperature gradient in the thermocline were found. This paper illustrates the diurnal distributions of sound scattering layers and analyses the way they are linked to the physical structure of the water.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

The biochemical composition of Enteromorpha spp. from the Gulf of Gdańsk coast on the southern Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 19-28

Amany Mohamed Haroon
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries, Academy of Scientific Research and Technology, 101 Kaser El-eni St., Cairo, Egypt;

Anna Szaniawska, Monika Normant, Urszula Janas:
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; oceasz@univ.gda.pl

Keywords: Enteromorpha spp., macroalgae, biochemical composition

Manuscript received 16 August 1999, reviewed 21 January 2000, accepted 31 January 2000.
Abstract
Variations in lipid, protein and carbohydrate contents of Enteromorpha spp. were examined over a seven-month period from April to October 1993. The samples were collected from seven sampling stations along the Gulf of Gda/nsk coast. The lipid content was low and varied slightly from 3.47 ± 1.76% of DW at Puck to 4.36 ± 2.17% of DW at Rewa and Cha/lupy. The protein content varied from 9.42 ± 4.62% of DW at Puck to 20.60 ± 5.00% of DW at Jurata. At the remaining stations the values vary over a narrow range. The maximum protein contents were recorded at the beginning and end of the growing season. The level of carbohydrate was very high compared to that of lipid and protein and varied from 29.09 ± 6.44% of DW at Oslonino to 39.81 ± 11.15% of DW at Puck. Seasonal carbohydrate changes were noted at all sampling stations, the minimum occurring in spring and autumn and the maximum in summer.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

The first recorded bloom of Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller in the coastal zone of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 29-36

Barbara Witek, Marcin Pliński
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; ocebw@univ.gda.pl

Keywords: Prorocentrum minimum, bloom

Manuscript received 22 July 1999, reviewed 25 August 1999, accepted 7 October 1999.
Abstract
Prorocentrum minimum (Pavillard) Schiller has occurred in the Gulf of Gdańsk in low abundance for several years. However, in summer 1997 a significant increase in the numbers of cells was noted. In the same year a P. minimum bloom was recorded for the first time in one of the harbour basins in Gdynia, giving rise to a brown-red coloration of the water.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Greenland whales and walruses in the Svalbard food web before and after exploitation
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 37-56

Jan Marcin Węsławski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; weslaw@iopan.gda.pl

Louwrens Hacquebord
Arctic Centre, University of Groningen, Oude Kijk in't Jatstraat 26, The Netherlands;

Lech Stempniewicz, Michał Malinga
Department of Vertebrate Ecology, University of Gdańsk, Legionow 9, 80-441 Gdańsk, Poland;

Keywords: Food web, Arctic, sea mammals, human impact

Manuscript received 29 November 1999, reviewed 25 January 2000, accepted 7 February 2000.
Abstract
Between 1600 and 1900 two numerous and ecologically important large marine mammals were extirpated in the Svalbard archipelago. These were the pelagic-feeding Greenland whale (Balaena mysticetus) and the benthic-feeding walrus (Odobaenus rosmarus rosmarus), the initial stocks of which prior to exploitation are estimated to have numbered approximately 46 000 and 25 000 animals respectively. Their annual food consumption at that time is estimated to have been some 4 million tons of plankton and 0.4 million tons of benthic organisms. Assuming that the primary and secondary production of the shelf/coastal ecosystem in the 16th century (before the peak of the Little Ice Age) was similar to that of the present day, the authors have concluded that a major shift in the food web must have occurred after the Greenland whales and walruses were eliminated. Planktonivorous seabirds and polar cod (Boreogadus saida) very probably took advantage of the extirpation of the Greenland whales, while eiders (Somateria mollissima) and bearded seals (Erignathus barbatus) benefited from the walrus's extinction. In turn, the increased amount of pelagic fish provided food for piscivorous alcids and gulls, and may have given rise to the huge present-day seabird colonies on Svalbard.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Entrapment of macroplankton in an Arctic fjord basin, Kongsfjorden, Svalbard
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 57-69

Jan Marcin Węsławski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland; weslaw@iopan.gda.pl

Gunnar Pedersen
Akvaplan-niva, Polar Environmental Centre, Tromso 9296, Norway;

Stig Falk Petersen
Norsk Polarinstitutt, Polar Environmental Centre, Tromso 9296, Norway;

Krzysztof Poraziński
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, 81-712 Sopot, Poland;

Keywords: Arctic, macroplankton, krill, fjords

Manuscript received 29 November 1999, reviewed 5 January 2000, accepted 13 January 2000.
Abstract
This paper presents the results of 15 zooplankton tows collected with a Tucker Trawl (1 m2 opening, net of 2 mm mesh size) in Kongsfjorden (79oN), Svalbard archipelago. The hydroacoustic survey revealed clear differences between the plankton concentrations in the outer and inner fjord basins. Plankton concentrations and fish were observed in the outer fjord, while uniformly scattered objects were detected in the inner basin. The macroplankton community was dominated by Euphausiacea (Thysanoessa inermis, Thysanoessa rashii), Amphipoda (Themisto libellula) and Pteropoda (Limacina helicina). Other taxa were of minor numerical importance. The macroplankton abundance reached 3300 indiv. 100-1 m-3 with a maximum biomass of 100 g wet weight 100-1 m-3 (over 440 kJ 100-1 m-3). L. helicina was advected into the fjord with surface waters, and was found in large abundance (1000 indiv. 100-1 m-3) in the subsurface layers of the inner basin. Euphausids were present in small numbers at the entrance to the fjord, but were found to be very abundant (600 indiv. 100-1 m-3) at the innermost stations, especially in the surface water layer. The estuarine circulation driven by the glacial meltwater discharge is believed to cause the entrapment of zooplankton in the inner fjord basin.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Changes in species composition of the genus Gammarus Fabr. in Puck Bay
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 71-87

Wojciech Jęczmień, Anna Szaniawska
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; Wojciech.Jeczmien@ocean.univ.gda.pl

Keywords: Amphipoda, species composition, Gammaridae, Puck Bay

Manuscript received 21 January 2000, reviewed 11 February 2000, accepted 15 February 2000.
Abstract
This paper describes the current species composition of the genus Gammarus in Puck Bay (western Gulf of Gdańsk, Poland). Samples were taken at 9 shallow (ca 0.4 m deep) and 4 deeper (ca 10 m) stations from April 1997 to March 1998. Six Gammarus species were recorded. Gammarus salinus was the most numerous, making up 34.95% of the total of identified amphipod specimens. This species was common throughout the bay but rarely predominant. G. zaddachi (34.75%) was dominant in the northern part of the bay from January to April and was found in almost 2/3 of samples. Less numerous were G. oceanicus (19.15%), common in the southern and eastern parts of Puck Bay, and G. duebeni (9.85%), prevalent in shallow and rocky locations. G. inequicauda and G. locusta made up only 1.13% and 0.12% of the total amphipod material respectively. The species composition of the genus varied considerably not only from one sampling locality to another but also from season to season. It is possible that two species (G. locusta and G. inequicauda) are currently withdrawing from Puck Bay.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Seasonal and diel changes in the vertical distribution in relation to the age structure of Microcalanus pygmaeus Sars and Ctenocalanus citer Bowman & Heron, (Pseudocalanidae, Copepoda) from Croker Passage (Antarctic Peninsula)
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 89-103

Maria Iwona Żmijewska, Luiza Bielecka, Aleksandra Grabowska
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; ocemiz@univ.gda.pl

Keywords: Antarctica, Copepoda, age structure

Manuscript received 10 January 2000, reviewed 21 February 2000, accepted 24 February 2000.
Abstract
The development of two representatives of Pseudocalanidae and the nature of their population distribution in the water column were investigated on the basis of plankton samples collected over three seasons in night-day series in Croker Passage. The investigations showed that the two species begin reproducing in different seasons. Regardless of season, the growth of M. pygmaeus is more advanced than that of C. citer. Both species are characterised by a separation of their populations in the water column. The youngest copepodite stages (I-III) inhabit the upper portion of the water in which the given species occurs, while the oldest specimens, especially males, inhabit the deepest waters. Additionally, the first growth phases (CI-CIII) show a tendency to concentrate closer to the surface at night.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

The occurrence and activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria in the bottom~sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 105-117

Zbigniew Jan Mudryk
Department of Experimental Biology, Pedagogical University, Arciszewskiego 22, 76-200 Słupsk, Poland; mudryk@wsp.slupsk.pl

Beata Podgórska, Anetta Ameryk
Marine Biology Centre, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sw. Wojciecha 5, 81-347 Gdynia, Poland;

Jerzy Bolałek
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland;

Keywords: Gulf of Gdańsk, sediment, sulphate-reducing bacteria, sulphate reduction rate

Manuscript received 21 January 2000, reviewed 17 February 2000, accepted 23 February 2000.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of investigations concerning the number, distribution and physiological activity of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) inhabiting the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The numbers of this group of bacteria range between 0.76 x 103 and 1.27 x 104 cells per g wet sediment. The bacterial sulphate reduction rate in bottom sediments of this area of the Baltic Sea varies from 1.89 to 31.6 nM SO42– g-1 24 h-1. The numbers of SRB and their physiological activity were subject to considerable seasonal fluctuations, maximum values being noted in summer (June) and minima in spring (April). A direct relationship has been found between the number of SRB and hydrogen sulphide concentrations; there is, however, no such relationship with reference to sulphate concentrations. The numbers and distributions of SRB demonstrated considerable variation in a depth profile of bottom sediments. SRB inhabiting the bottom sediments of the Gulf of Gdańsk were able to use three different organic substrates (lactate, acetate, propionate) as electron donors and as carbon and energy sources.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Communications

Mya arenaria L., a new and unusual substratum for Balanus improvisus Darwin
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 119-121

Anna Olszewska
Department of Marine Biology and Ecology, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland; aniao@ocean.univ.gda.pl

Keywords: Balanus improvisus, Epizoite, and Mya arenaria, southern Baltic

Manuscript received 20 December 1999, reviewed 21 January 2000, accepted 28 January 2000.
Abstract
The presence of the barnacle (Balanus improvisus) on the soft-shell clam (Mya arenaria) is reported for the first time from the Baltic Sea.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Chronicle

New Challenges for North Sea Research -- 20 years after FLEX '76 (Summary, results and conclusions of the International Symposium)
 Oceanologia 2000, 42 (1), 123-131

Jürgen Sündermann
Centre of Marine and Climate Research, University of Hamburg, Bundesstr. 55, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; suendermann@ifm.uni-hamburg.de

Keywords: research programmes, Grand challenges, North Sea

Manuscript received 22 December 1999.
Abstract
The present state of North Sea research was assessed and examined at an International Symposium in Hamburg. Specific attention was devoted to the issues of external forcing, internal dynamics, and new methods and experiments. In the concluding discussion Grand Challenges for North Sea research were formulated.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)