Oceanologia No. 42 (4) / 00

Contents

Doc. Dr. Anna Martyniuk-Trzosińska (Obituary)

Papers

Dissertations

Papers


Sea salt emission from the coastal zone
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 399-409

Tomasz Petelski, Maria Chomka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; petelski@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: aerosol, sea salt, fluxes, emission, coastal zone

Manuscript received 3 November 2000, reviewed 10 November 2000, accepted 14 November 2000.
Abstract
The paper presents the findings of experiments to determine marine aerosol emission from the coastal zone. A relation between aerosol flux and wave energy dissipation was found. The emission fluxes calculated for the distribution of aerosol concentration are proportional to the dissipation of wave energy to the power of 3/4. The calculations were carried out using the experimental data obtained during the TABEX and BAEX experiments.
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Nitrogen species and macroelements in aerosols over the southern Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 411-424

Anita Nadstazik1, Roman Marks2, Michael Schulz3
1 Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; nadsta@sat.ocean.univ.gda.pl
2Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; marks@iopan.gda.pl
3IAAC, University of Hamburg, Martin-Luther-King Platz 6, 20146 Hamburg, Germany; schulz@lsce.saclay.cea.fr

Keywords: aerosol, nitrogen species, macroelements, Hel Peninsula

Manuscript received 1 September 2000, reviewed 3 October 2000, accepted 23 October 2000.
Abstract
The annual cycle of atmospheric nitrogen species and macroelements (Na+, K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Cl–) over the south-eastern Baltic region was investigated. A one-year record enabled the variability of nitrogen species and macroelements in the aerosol over the coastal station at Hel to be traced. The highest concentrations of sea salt components were recorded in summer, while anthropogenic nitrate concentrations were highest in winter. When the air masses were of mixed marine and continental origin, the nitric acid reacted with coarse sea salt particles to form stable, coarse sodium nitrate. This seems to be a permanent removal pathway for nitrate. Anthropogenic aerosol species like NH4+ or NO3– formed by gas-to-particle conversion were generally associated with fine particles (<1 µm). Coarse particles like sodium or chloride resulted from resuspension from seawater.
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An assessment of nutrient conditions in the southern Baltic Sea between 1994 and 1998
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 425-448

Elżbieta Łysiak-Pastuszak
Institute of Meteorology and Water Management, Maritime Branch, al. Waszyngtona 42, PL-81-342, Gdynia, Poland; elap@stratus.imgw.gdynia.pl

Keywords: nutrients, southern Baltic Sea, periodic assessment, seasonal fluctuations, long-term trends

Manuscript received 31 July 2000, reviewed 18 September 2000, accepted 5 October 2000.
Abstract
Temporal variations (1994-98) in nutrient distribution were analysed in the break Polish sector of the Baltic Sea with reference to long-term (1979-98) fluctuations of hydrological and chemical factors. Between 1994 and 1998 the winter accumulation of phosphate declined noticeably in most of the regions with the exception of the Gulf of Gdańsk. The winter peaks of silicate were also reduced in the offshore region and in the waters along the central Polish coast, but continued to accumulate in the bays owing to riverine input. In the offshore region a decrease in the winter accumulation of nitrate was noted in the surface water layer whereas in the bays nitrate concentrations continued to increase. Large quantities of nitrate continue to accumulate in the Gulf of Gdańsk, although at a slower rate than in 1979-93.
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Qualitative and quantitative analysis of Baltic phytoplankton pigments
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 449-471

Joanna Stoń, Alicja Kosakowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; aston@iopan.gda.pl
akosak@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: chlorophylls, photosynthetic carotenoids, photoprotecting carotenoids, HPLC, Gulf of Gdańsk

Manuscript received 19 June 2000, reviewed 11 August 2000, accepted 25 October 2000.
Abstract
The paper presents the results of research into the pigment composition of seawater samples taken from various depths in the Gulf of Gdańsk in April and September 1999. Pigments were separated by RP-HPLC, and identification was confirmed by co-injection with reference standards and on-line diode array spectra. The following groups of pigments were identified: chlorophylls: a, b, c1 + c2; photosynthetic carotenoids (PSC) - peridinin, fucoxanthin, alfa-carotene; photoprotecting carotenoids (PPC) - diadinoxanthin, alloxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and beta-carotene. Quantitative and qualitative diversity in pigment characteristics were observed in both seasons, though lutein and alfa-carotene were not identified in the September samples. The respective April and September concentrations of the functional groups of pigments were: total chlorophylls content 0.47-104.25 and 0.57-13.66 µg dm–3; PSC 0.07-21.23 and 0.02-1.56 µg dm–3; PPC 0.05-14.08 and 0.04-1.79 µg dm–3. Within the PSC group, peridinin and fucoxanthin were dominant in the April samples, but only fucoxanthin in the September ones. Among the PPCs, diadinoxanthin and alloxanthin were dominant in April, zeaxanthin in September. Photosynthetic and photoprotecting carotenoids display a linear correlation with chlorophyll alfa content in all the samples.
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Comparison between stability constants of cadmium and lead complexes with humic substances of different molecular weight isolated from Baltic Sea water
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 473-482

Waldemar Grzybowski
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, al. Marszałka J. Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland; grzyb@panda.bg.univ.gda.pl

Keywords: humic substances, complexation, seawater, heavy metals

Manuscript received 17 August 2000, reviewed 25 October 2000, accepted 8 November 2000.
Abstract
The complexation of cadmium and lead with humic substances was studied using differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry and a standard addition technique. The titration was done for humic substances of different molecular weight that had been isolated from seawater and subsequently redissolved in organic-free seawater. The different molecular weight fractions were obtained by ultrafiltration using 1000 D (Dalton), 5000 D and 10 000 D pore size filters. Comparison of the calculated stability constants suggests that the strengths of lead complexes in the analysed fractions are similar and that cadmium is complexed by the fraction smaller than 1000 D.
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Temporal and spatial changes of cadmium in the near-bottom suspended matter of the Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep system
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 483-491

Andrzej Staniszewski1, Ksenia Pazdro1, Jacek Bełdowski1, Thomas Leipe2, Kay-Christian Emeis2, Janusz Pempkowiak1
1 Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; pempa@iopan.gda.pl
2 Baltic Sea Research Institute, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany;

Keywords: cadmium, near-bottom suspended matter, solid speciation, Pomeranian Bay

Manuscript received 17 August 2000, reviewed 29 September 2000, accepted 3 November 2000.
Abstract
Owing to the high toxicity of cadmium (Cd) towards biota and the considerable quantities of this element entering the environment from anthropogenic sources, interest in its biogeochemistry is increasing. This is also true for the marine environment, which serves as a sink for both natural and anthropogenic Cd loads entering the hydrosphere and the atmosphere. The distribution of Cd in the coastal zone of the marine environment is governed primarily by the flux of the so-called fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM), which spreads across the top of the sea floor as a several-centimetre-thick layer containing highly concentrated suspended matter. Both total contents and solid speciation of Cd was measured in FLSM collected in the Pomeranian Bay - Arkona Deep system (Western Baltic Proper) in the course of the three-year-long study. Seasonal changes in the total Cd content (0.5-1.8 µg g–1 dry matter) were attributed to the contribution of organic suspensions originating from algal blooms. The decreasing content of Cd in FLSM offshore is due to the input of Cd-rich suspended matter from the River Odra (Oder), and the decreasing organic matter content in FLSM with increasing depth. The contribution of labile fractions (adsorbed and bound to iron III hydroxides) was found to be from 50 to 75% of the total content. In view of the substantial mobility and bioavailability of the fractions, this is a highly alarming feature.
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Environmental cadmium and lead concentrations in the Bahía Blanca Estuary (Argentina). Potential toxic effects of Cd and Pb on crab larvae
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 493-504

Laura Ferrer1, Elena Contardi1, Santiago J. Andrade1, Raúl Asteasuain2, Adán E. Pucci2, Jorge E. Marcovecchio1
1 Argentine Institute of Oceanography, Marine Chemistry Laboratory, C. C. 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; lferrer@netverk.com.ar
2 Patagonian National Center, Bv. Brown s/n, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina;

Keywords: estuarine cadmium and lead, toxicity test, crab larvae

Manuscript received 17 August 2000, reviewed 6 September 2000, accepted 26 October 2000.
Abstract
The Bahía Blanca Estuary includes a large tidal plain with an area close to 1150 km2. Mud is predominant in its sediments, where a significant population of the crab Chasmagnathus granulata lives during the whole year. Moreover, there are important urban and industrial discharges into this environment. Cd and Pb concentrations were determined in samples of water (for both dissolved and suspended particulate matter) and surface sediments (total and 63 µm fractions). Organic matter was analysed in the sediments, while temperature, salinity, pH and dissolved oxygen were measured in the estuarine water. The metal concentrations determined in this study were: 1.47 ± 1.08 µg Cd g–1 and 14.68 ± 4.31 µg Pb g–1 in surface sediments; 2.21 ± 1.33 µg Cd g–1 and 25.70 ± 7.09 µg Pb g–1 in the <63 µm sediment fraction; 0.18 ± 0.11 µg Cd g–1 and below the analytical detection limit of Pb in suspended particulate matter. Furthermore, dissolved Cd and Pb were lower than the norms for marine and estuarine waters (2 µg dm–3 for Cd and 5 µg dm–3 for Pb, E.P.A.).
Simultaneously, the effects of Cd and Pb were studied on recently hatched larvae of Ch. granulata, through 96-hour semi-static acute assays. Viability was the criterion assessed in the assays. LC50 (96 h) for Cd was 46.43 µg dm–3 (36.92 - 56.34 µg dm–3, whilst that for Pb was 1.00 mg m–3 (0.79 - 1.23 mg dm–3, which demonstrates that Cd is more toxic towards larvae. Finally, both LC50 values determined for Cd and Pb were higher than the corresponding metal concentrations measured in the Bahía Blanca environment.
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Cadmium concentrations in the Bahía Blanca Estuary (Argentina). Potential effects of dissolved cadmium on the diatom Thalassiosira~curviseriata
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 505-520

Santiago J. Andrade1, Adán E. Pucci2, Jorge E. Marcovecchio1
1 Argentine Institute of Oceanography, Marine Chemistry Laboratory, C. C. 804, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina; santi@scientist.com
2 Patagonian National Center, Bv. Brown s/n, 9120 Puerto Madryn, Argentina;

Keywords: cadmium in estuary, toxicity bioassay, Thalassiosira sp.

Manuscript received 17 August 2000, reviewed 6 September 2000, accepted 26 October 2000.
Abstract
Concentrations of dissolved and particulate cadmium were measured in the water of the Bahía Blanca Estuary, one of the most highly industrialised regions in Argentina. Simultaneously, Cd contents were also determined in samples of phytoplankton. Thus, the estuary was characterised from the viewpoint of Cd occurrence. Additionally, a microscale environment was selected within the estuary in order to carry out an ecotoxicological study. Thus, environmental parameters (i.e. temperature, salinity, nutrients, chlorophyll a) were measured weekly at Puerto Cuatreros (in the inner estuary) during winter, when the phytoplankton bloom occurs; during the other seasons sampling was done twice a week. In addition, cells of the diatom Thalassiosira curviseriata - the dominant species in the phytoplankton bloom - were isolated and cultivated in the laboratory. The monoclonal cultures obtained were exposed to increasing concentrations of Cd under controlled environmental conditions and the growth rate inhibition was measured. As a preliminary conclusion it was found that Cd levels in the Bahía Blanca Estuary are significantly lower than the EC50 value for T. curviseriata.
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Dissertations


The influence of iron and selected organic compounds on Baltic Sea phytoplankton (review by Janusz Pempkowiak)
Oceanologia 2000, 42 (4), 521-523

Alicja Kosakowska
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; akosak@iopan.gda.pl

Habilitation thesis in ecophysiology and the biochemistry of marine algae
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