Oceanologia No. 43 (4) / 01

Contents

Papers

Communications


Papers


Wave-induced set-up and flow over shoals and coral reefs. Part 1. A simplified bottom geometry case
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 373-388

Stanisław R. Massel1, Richard M. Brinkman2
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; smas@iopan.gda.pl
2Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Qld 4810, Australia

Keywords: wave motion, set-up, water flow, coral reefs, underwater shoals

Manuscript received 13 November 2001, reviewed 19 November 2001, accepted 21 November 2001.
Abstract
An analytical approach was used to model the wave-induced set-up and flow through simple shoal geometry when water depth is a linear function of the distance. Two different approaches were applied to parameterize the energy dissipation due to wave breaking. The resulting set-up height and flow velocity were determined and their dependence on the geometry of the shoal and offshore forcing was demonstrated. The extension of the solution to a more complicated bathymetry and verification against the experimental data will be given in the second part of the paper.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Kinetics of marine surfactant adsorption at an air water interface. Baltic Sea studies
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 389-404

Stanisław J. Pogorzelski, Anna D. Kogut
Institute of Experimental Physics, University of Gdańsk, Wita Stwosza 57, PL-80-952 Gdańsk, Poland; fizsp@univ.gda.pl

Keywords: marine films, surface adsorption, adsorption kinetics, diffusion coefficient, adsorption barrier

Manuscript received 25 October 2001, reviewed 22 November 2001, accepted 30 November 2001.
Abstract
The paper contains the results of studies of natural surface film adsorption kinetics carried out in inland waters and in shallow offshore regions of the Baltic Sea during 2000-01 under calm sea conditions. The novel approach presented here for the adsorption dynamics is based on the mixed kinetic-diffusion model and analyses of the surface pressure-time plots at short (t → 0) and long( t → ∾) adsorption time intervals. Values of the effective relative diffusion coefficient Deff / D (= 0.008-0.607) and energy barrier for adsorption Ea / RT (= 0.49-7.10) agree well with the data reported for model non-ionic surfactant solutions of pre-cmc concentrations. Wind speed is one of the factors affecting the adsorption barrier via the increased surface pressure of the natural film exposed to wind shear stress (~ U102), and enters the relation Ea / RT = 1.70 U101/3.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Variations in organic matter bound in fluffy layer suspended matter from the Pomeranian Bay (Baltic Sea)
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 405-420

Ksenia Pazdro1, Andrzej Staniszewski1, Jacek Bełdowski1, Kay-Christian Emeis2, Thomas Leipe2, Janusz Pempkowiak1
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; pazdro@iopan.gda.pl
2Baltic Sea Research Institute, Seestrasse 15, 18119 Rostock-Warnemünde, Germany

Keywords: fatty acids, lipids, near-bottom, sediments

Manuscript received 27 September 2001, reviewed 22 October 2001, accepted 26 November 2001.
Abstract
Fluffy layer suspended matter (FLSM) and surface sediment samples from the Pomeranian Bay were examined for fatty acid, lipid and organic matter contents. FLSM is a several-centimetre-thick layer of fairly concentrated particulate matter lying on the sea floor significantly affecting the flux of matter to depositional basins. Analyses of fatty acids were used to establish sources and decomposition rates of labile organic matter along a transect from the shallow, highly dynamic, Odra estuary to the Arkona Basin, a deep, low energy, depositional area. In FLSM and sediments respectively, the ranges of organic matter contents were 4.0-25.0% and 5.1-23.0%, those of lipids 0.1-5.4% and 0.30-1.67%, and those of fatty acids 50-991 µg g-1 dry wt. and 100-546 µg g-1 dry wt. In shallow waters, the contents of these compounds are very variable, mirroring variations in biological activity and hydrological conditions. The high percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids in shallow areas indicates the presence of fresh, undegraded, labile organic matter of autochthonous origin. Fatty acids, the most labile components, are transported as suspended matter attached to minerals and finally accumulated in the depositional area in the form of condensed organic macromolecules. The intensity of bacterial decomposition of organic matter in this system is reflected in the high percentage of branched fatty acids. The low fatty acid content in the organic matter is attributed to the high rate of decomposition of the labile organic matter. No linear correlation was found between the contents of fatty acids and lipids.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Horizontal and vertical distribution of lignin in surface sediments of the Gdańsk Basin
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 421-439

Andrzej Staniszewski, Agnieszka Lejman, Janusz Pempkowiak
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; astan@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Baltic Sea, organic matter, oxidation provenience

Manuscript received 14 November 2001, reviewed 19 November 2001, accepted 21 November 2001.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and quantify lignin transported from the River Vistula to the accumulation area in the Gdańsk Basin. Sediment samples collected along the Vistula mouth - Gdańsk Deep transect were analysed for lignin. Lignin was characterised by oxidative degradation, cupric oxide being chosen as the most suitable oxidising agent. The polar functional groups of the oxidation products were silylated and the derivatives analysed by capillary gas chromatography on fused capillary silica columns with flame ionisation detection. Lignin-derived oxidation products were quantified in the range from 3 to 20 µg g-1 dry wt. for phenolic acids and from 6 to 12 µg g-1 dry wt. for phenolic aldehydes. Differences in oxidation products contents are assigned to different lignin sources in the marine environment. The horizontal and vertical gradients of these compounds in the sediments of the Gdańsk Basin are documented. The results are discussed in terms of the origin and fate of organic matter in the Gdańsk Basin. The measured differences in quality and quantity of the identified oxidation products provide insight into diagenetic processes in the surface marine sediments.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Toxic effect of cyanobacterial blooms on the grazing activity of Daphnia magna Straus
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 441-453

Maria Łotocka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; lotocka@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Daphnia magna Straus, cyanobacterial blooms, grazing activity

Manuscript received 20 August 2001, reviewed 26 October 2001, accepted 13 November 2001.
Abstract
The investigations aimed to determine the impact of cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (L.) Ralfs ex Bornet et Flah., both toxic algae, on the grazing intensity of Daphnia magna Straus. In order to determine the parameter permitting the quantitative determination of the grazing intensity of herbivorous organisms, methods based on the following techniques were applied: microscopy, to determine the degree of gut fullness; spectrophotometry, to determine the levels of chlorophyll a and its degradation products in the food composition; high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to determine the content of exogenous and endogenous carotenoids. Each of these methods confirmed that the tested algae species inhibited grazing intensity in D. magna Straus. The most obvious effects were obtained when M. aeruginosa (Kütz.) Kütz. was used as food. With these cyanobacteria, the gut fullness indicator did not exceed 58%, and the chlorophyll a content in the digestive system of the tested D. magna was three times lower than that in the control organisms. It seems that the defensive reaction of organisms was a reversible process. However, the possibility of a long-term, sublethal influence of cyanobacteria on the physiology and internal processes of this species cannot be ruled out.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Interstitial community oxygen consumption in a Baltic sandy beach: horizontal zonation
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 455-468

Barbara Urban-Malinga*, Krzysztof W. Opaliński
Institute of Ecology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Dziekanów Leśny, PL-05-092 Łomianki, Poland
*address for correspondence:
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; basiam@iopan.gda.pl

Keywords: Baltic Sea, sediment oxygen consumption, interstitial community, carbon requirements, sandy beach

Manuscript received 2 July 2001, reviewed 18 July 2001, accepted 5 October 2001.
Abstract
The oxygen consumption of a sandy beach interstitial community was determined on four occasions (January, May, August, October) on the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea). The study was carried out at four locations on the beach slope (littoral, waterline, splash zone and middle beach). Oxygen consumption varied from 158-159 cm3 O2 m-2 h-1 at the underwater site and waterline to 20-36 cm3 O2 m-2 h-1 in the middle beach. According to these data, interstitial organisms are able to utilize from 206 to 1641 mg of organic carbon per square metre per day. In general, metabolic activity decreased gradually from the waterline towards the middle beach, and a significant correlation was found between oxygen consumption and sediment water content. Changes in oxygen consumption on the beach slope were statistically significant.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Communications


Modelling of bio-optical parameters of open ocean waters Vadim N. Pelevin
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 469-477
Opalinski Vadim N. Pelevin, Vera V. Rostovtseva
P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasikova 23, Moscow, 117218 Russia; pelevin@sio.rssi.ru

Keywords: light absorption, bio-optical modelling, chlorophyll pigments, yellow substance, suspended matter

Manuscript received 16 November 2001, reviewed 20 November 2001, accepted 25 November 2001.
Abstract
An original method for estimating the concentration of chlorophyll pigments, absorption of yellow substance and absorption of suspended matter without pigments and yellow substance in detritus using spectral diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance and irradiance reflectance data has been applied to sea waters of different types in the open ocean (case 1). Using the effective numerical single parameter classification with the water type optical index m as a parameter over the whole range of the open ocean waters, the calculations have been carried out and the light absorption spectra of sea waters tabulated. These spectra are used to optimize the absorption models and thus to estimate the concentrations of the main admixtures in sea water. The value of m can be determined from direct measurements of the downward irradiance attenuation coefficient at 500 nm or calculated from remote sensing data using the regressions given in the article. The sea water composition can then be readily estimated from the tables given for any open ocean area if that one parameter m characterizing the basin is known.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Parameterization of light scattering for solving the inverse problem of determining the concentrations of the principal light scattering and absorbing admixtures in shelf waters
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 479-485

Vadim N. Pelevin, Vera V. Rostovtseva
P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasikova 23, Moscow, 117218 Russia; pelevin@sio.rssi.ru

Keywords: light absorption, backscattering, bio-optical modelling

Manuscript received 16 November 2001, reviewed 20 November 2001, accepted 25 November 2001.
Abstract
A method for estimating the water backscattering coefficient was put forward on the basis of experimental data of diffuse attenuation coefficient for downwelling irradiance and irradiance reflectance. Calculations were carried out for open sea waters of different types and the spectral dependencies were found ("anomalous" spectra) and explained. On this basis, a new model of light backscattering on particles in the sea is proposed. This model may be useful for modelling remote sensing reflectance spectra in order to solve the inverse problems of estimating the concentration of natural admixtures in shelf waters.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin esters in the copepod Acartia bifilosa (Copepoda, Calanoida) during ontogenetic development
Oceanologia 2001, 43 (4), 487-497

Maria Łotocka
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland; lotocka@iopan.gda.pl

Ewa Styczyńska-Jurewicz
Institute of Biology, Pomeranian Pedagogical Academy, Arciszewskiego 22 B, PL-76-200 Slupsk, Poland;

Keywords: astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, astaxanthin esters, quenchers, ontogenetic development, Acartia bifilosa, Copepoda, Crustacea

Manuscript received 17 October 2001, reviewed 16 November 2001, accepted 22 November 2001.
Abstract
The contents of astaxanthin, canthaxanthin and astaxanthin esters were studied in natural populations of the copepod Acartia bifilosa from the Pomeranian Bay and Gulf of Gdańsk in the southern Baltic Sea. Samples dominated by any one of three developmental groups: (1) nauplii, (2) copepodids I-III and (3) copepodids IV-V and adults of Acartia bifilosa were analysed by means of high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). As ontogenetic development progressed, significant changes occurred in the proportion of particular pigments in the total pigment pool of the various developmental groups. Astaxanthin and canthaxanthin occurred in all the groups, the former being clearly dominant. However, an increasing percentage of astaxanthin esters was recorded in the copepodids I-III, and even more in the copepodids IV-V and adults group. Most probably, astaxanthin is the main pigment active in copepod lipid metabolism. Carotenoid pigments in copepods very likely act as efficient free-electron quenchers and may be involved as antioxidants in rapid lipid metabolism. The exogenously feeding stages (late nauplii and copepodids) transform plant carotenoids taken from food and are evidently capable of metabolising astaxanthin by esterification and further degradation. It is emphasised that, according to literature data, astaxanthin esters may have an even higher quenching ability. It is suggested that crustacean carotenoid pigments, with their electron donor-acceptor abilities, may replace oxygen in peroxidation processes connected with lipid metabolism. The consequences of such a physiological role of astaxanthin for present-day estimations of energy balances in zooplankton communities are mentioned.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)