Oceanologia No. 45 (1) / 03

Contents

Acknowledgement

Preface

Papers

Chronicle

Acknowledgement

As in previous years the Editor would like to thank all who reviewed the papers submitted to Oceanologia in 2002.
The following reviewer's names are printed by their kind permission: Dr. Oleg Andrejew (Finnish Insitute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland)   *   Prof. Gerassimos A. Athanassoulis (National Technical University of Athens, Greece)   *   Prof. Jerzy Błażejowski (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Dr. Ryszard Bojanowski (Intitute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Dr. Piotr Ceglowski (Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, PAS, Warsaw, Poland)   *   Prof. Juliusz Chojnacki (Agricultural University of Szczecin, Poland)   *   Prof. Christian Christiansen (University of Copenhagen, Denmark)   *   Prof. Bohdan Draganik (Sea Fisheries Institute, Gdynia, Poland)   *   Prof. Czeslaw Druet (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Dr. Charles L. Gallegos (Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, Maryland, USA)   *   Prof. Jozef Grabowski (University of Technology, Poznan, Poland)   *   Prof. Lars Hagerman (University of Copenhagen, Helsingør, Denmark)   *   Prof. Ulrich Irmler (University of Kiel, Germany)   *   Dr. Guenrik S. Karabashev (Shirshov Institute of Oceanology, RAS, Moscow, Russia)   *   Dr. Marja Koski (Danish Institute for Fisheries Research, Denmark)   *   Prof. Eugeniusz Kozaczka (Naval University of Gdynia, Poland)   *   Prof. Adam Krezel (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Stanislaw R. Massel (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Prof. Anton McLachlan (Sultan Qaboos University, Oman)   *   Prof. Ian McLaren (Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada)   *   Prof. Jozef Mojski (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Stanislaw Musielak (University of Szczecin, Poland)   *   Prof. Jerzy Olszewski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Dr. Jacek Piskozub (Insitute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Prof. Marcin Plinski (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Dr. Jean Prygiel (Artois-Picardie Water Agency, Douai, France)   *   Dr. Teresa Radziejewska (University of Szczecin, Poland)   *   Prof. Dariusz Stramski (University of California, San Diego, USA)   *   Dr. James H. Swift (University of California, San Diego, USA)   *   Prof. Antoni Sliwinski (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Anna Szaniawska (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Romuald Szymkiewicz (Technical University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Grzegorz Wegrzyn (University of Gdansk, Poland)   *   Prof. Jan Marcin Weslawski (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Prof. Zbigniew Witek (Sea Fisheries Institute, Poland)   *   Prof. Bohdan Wozniak (Institute of Oceanology PAS, Sopot, Poland)   *   Dr. Simon Wright (Australian Antarctic Division, Kingston, Australia).

Preface

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The Editor would kindly like to direct the readers' attention to the celebration of 50th anniversary of the Institute of Oceanology PAS which is commemorated in a short presentation of the Institute's history in this issue's `Chronicle' section on pages 133-168. On the occasion of the Institute's anniversary, the next issues of Oceanologia will include, in the `Invited Papers' sections, special papers devoted to the achievements and state of research of particular teams working over the years in the Institute.

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The `Papers' section of the current issue is almost entirely devoted to the `ECSA Symposium 34' entitled `Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?' with a series of articles originally presented at the Symposium (pages 7-120).

The 34th Annual International Symposium of the Estuarine and Coastal Sciences Association (ECSA) was held in Gdansk, Poland, on 15-20th September 2002. The Symposium was organised by the Institute of Oceanology of the Polish Academy of Sciences and the Polish Scientific Committee on Oceanic Research (Polish SCOR), and also under the auspices of the Polish Ministry of the Environment. It was sponsored by the Institute of Oceanology, the Polish Academy of Sciences, the Provincial Fund for Environmental Protection and Water Management, the Merck company, and the City Council of Gdansk.

The aim of the ECSA 34 Symposium was to allow specialists of different disciplines and from different countries to compare their results and discuss the most hazardous pollutants entering the marine environment from rivers; which of them are being controlled and by which methods, and which factors determine their harmful influence on the adjacent sea. A further aim of the meeting was to discuss the abilities of ecosystems of such transitional areas to assimilate pollution depending on site-specific local conditions, which may be more easily analysed in comparison with generic regions of the world. The elucidation of the above problems would reveal the mechanism by which these transitional areas function and assess whether they are sources of or barriers to pollutants entering the sea.
90 participants took part in the Symposium, including 34 from 15 countries other than Poland: Australia, Finland, France, Great Britain, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Latvia, Germany, Portugal, Russia, Spain, The Netherlands, Ukraine. There were 44 oral presentations and 38 posters by 188 authors (105 from abroad). Numerous guests of the Symposium, representatives of different Polish marine scientific institutes, institutions and authorities responsible for coastal management, journalists and students took part in the lectures and discussions.
This issue of Oceanologia contains papers presented during the Symposium, which were submitted by their authors to this journal and selected after peer reviewing. The remainder of the ECSA 34 Symposium papers is planned to be published in a special volume of the Marine Pollution Bulletin.

Papers

Butyltins and phenyltins in biota and sediments from the Lagoon of Venice
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 7-23 Angelo Bortoli1, Attilio Troncon1, Sandro Dariol1, Francesca Pellizzato2, Bruno Pavoni2*
1ARPAV, Regional Agency for Environmental Protection and Prevention in the Veneto, Chemical Department, Via della Montagnola 2, Mestre Venice, Italy
2University of Venice, Department of Environmental Sciences, Calle Larga S. Marta 2137, 30123 Venice, Italy;
e-mail: brown@unive.it
*corresponding author Keywords: Tributyltin, triphenyltin, sediments, biota Manuscript received 3 December 2002, reviewed 17 January 2003, accepted 6 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
Sediments and organisms were sampled to determine organotin contents - butyltins (BTs) and phenyltins (PhTs) - at 12 locations in an estuarine ecosystem, the Lagoon of Venice, characterised by varying contamination impacts. The results showed that organotin contamination in sediments is at lower levels, ranging from 2.5 ± 0.1 to 84 ± 1 ng g-1 (d.w.) for SigmaBTs and from 0.8 ± 0.2 to 7 ± 1 ng g-1 (d.w.), for SigmaPHTs, than in organisms, where the highest concentrations were found in filter feeders like mussels - from 60 ± 3 to 7632 ± 148 ng g-1 (d.w.) for SigmaBTs and from 0.80 ± 0.01 to 4005 ± 121 ng g-1 (d.w.) for SigmaPHTs. The possible risk to human health was assessed on the basis of the consumption of edible species sampled in some areas of the lagoon.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)
Seasonal dynamics of phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary in the 1980s and 1990s
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 25-39 Vera N. Nikulina
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskay nab. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
e-mail: micropl@zin.ru Keywords: Phytoplankton, species composition, biomass, blue-green algae Manuscript received 14 December 2002, reviewed 14 January 2003, accepted 11 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
The phytoplankton in the inner Neva Estuary is described from data obtained from 1996 to 2000. The seasonal dynamics of the phytoplankton biomass are characterized by a bimodal curve with a summer maximum. The average seasonal biomass was approximately 3 mg l-1, the maximum biomass was 8-11 mg l-1.
    The species composition and quantitative parameters were compared to those observed in the 1980s. A notable, nearly 1.5-2 fold, increase in the biomass in the summer-autumn period and the predominance of Oscillatoria species among the blue-green algae were observed. A decline in the nutrient load in the water body at the end of the 1990s appeared to be insufficient to bring about a decrease in the proportion of Oscillatoria algae in the total species composition or a decline in the biomass of the entire phytoplankton community.
    In 2000 a certain change in the structural composition of the phytoplankton complex was noted. Species that had been predominant in the 1980s and had lost their advantage in the early 1990s, regained their earlier status.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 Effects of trophic conditions on benthic macrofauna in the vicinity of the River Swina mouth (Pomeranian Bay; southern Baltic Sea)
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 41-52 Jerzy Maslowski
Department of Oceanography, Szczecin Agricultural University, Kazimierza Krolewicza 4, PL-71-550 Szczecin, Poland;
e-mail: Jmas@fish.ar.szczecin.pl
 Keywords: Pomeranian Bay, benthic macrofauna, biomass, chlorophyll a, nutrients Manuscript received 5 December 2002, reviewed 24 January 2003, accepted 11 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
The export of phytal material from the eutrophic Szczecin Lagoon into the Pomeranian Bay creates excellent trophic conditions for the local benthic fauna in the vicinity of the mouth of the river Swina, where the bottom macrofauna is abundant but highly variable. The changes in the bottom macrofauna biomass of selected taxa, chlorophyll a and nutrient concentrations were tested for associations. The biomasses of selected taxa varied in significant concordance, which suggests that these changes have common causes. Despite the importance of trophic enrichment to faunal abundance, no relationships between faunal biomass and chlorophyll a concentration changes were established. The presence of organic matter enables macrofauna to attain a high biomass, but population fluctuations are controlled by numerous factors. The significant relationship between the changes in the annual average phosphate levels and chlorophyll a concentrations in the Szczecin Lagoon indicates the importance of this nutrient to primary production processes in the Lagoon and to the trophic conditions for benthic macrofauna in the vicinity of the Swina mouth.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 Functional response of midsummer planktonic and benthic communities in the Neva Estuary (eastern Gulf of Finland) to anthropogenic stress
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 53-66 Sergey M. Golubkov, Alexander F. Alimov, Irena V. Telesh, Lydia E. Anokhina, Alexey A. Maximov, Vera N. Nikulina, Elena B. Pavel'eva, Vadim E. Panov
Zoological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Universitetskay nab. 1, 199034 St. Petersburg, Russia;
e-mail: golubkov@zin.ru
 Keywords: Gulf of Finland, estuary, eutrophication, primary production, coastal zone Manuscript received 12 December 2002, reviewed 17 January 2003, accepted 13 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
Long-term hydrobiological research has shown that the functioning of the ecosystem of the Neva Estuary, one of the largest Baltic estuaries, has changed greatly since the beginning of the 20th century. Ineffective local water management in St. Petersburg during the last twenty years has stimulated the development of a natural "biological plug" in the salt barrier zone in the inner part of the estuary and has altered the ecosystem's functioning. These changes include an increase in primary production, in the primary production:organic matter decomposition ratio, and in pelagic-benthic coupling. It has also given rise to filamentous algae blooms and intensive secondary pollution in the coastal zone of the Neva Estuary. The primary production of phytoplankton in the inner part of the estuary has reached 2.3 gC m-2, that of the filamentous algae Cladophora glomerata 5.5 gC m-2 these figures are much higher than in other regions of the Gulf of Finland.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 High resolution 3D-ecosystem model for the Neva Bay and Estuary - model validation and future scenarios
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 67-80 Päivi Korpinen1, Mikko Kiirikki1*, Pirjo Rantanen1, Arto Inkala2, Juha Sarkkula1
1Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, FIN-00251 Helsinki, Finland;
e-mail: Mikko.Kiirikki@ymparisto.fi
2Environment Impact Assessment Centre of Finland Ltd, Tekniikantie 21B, FIN-02150 Espoo, Finland
*corresponding author
Keywords: Municipal waste water, St. Petersburg, phytoplankton, nutrient dynamics, water protection, phosphorus precipitation Manuscript received 3 December 2002, reviewed 7 January 2003, accepted 11 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
We have used a simple 3D-ecosystem model to describe nutrient dynamics and biomass production in the Neva Bay off St. Petersburg. The River Neva is responsible for carrying the waste waters of St. Petersburg to the Gulf of Finland. Literature values of chlorophyll-a concentrations and satellite images have been used for model validation. The results indicate that our model can reproduce both the temporal and spatial variation in the phytoplankton biomass with reasonable accuracy. The model was used to analyse scenarios describing the ecological effects of planned water protection measures. More efficient phosphorus purification was found to be the most effective measure for improving the water quality off St. Petersburg.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 Variability in the saline water exchange between the Baltic and the Gulf of Gdansk by the sigma-coordinate model
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 81-105 Andrzej Jankowski
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: jankowsk@iopan.gda.pl
Keywords: Baltic Sea, Gulf of Gdansk, water and mass exchange, residence time Manuscript received 18 December 2002, reviewed 21 January 2003, accepted 11 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
A three-dimensional baroclinic sigma-coordinate model was applied to study the circulation and thermohaline variability in the coastal zone in the south-eastern Baltic Sea. The model is based on the Princeton Ocean Model code of Blumberg & Mellor (1987), known as POM, and has the horizontal resolution of ~5 km and 24 sigma-levels in the vertical. The hydrodynamic conditions and variability of water and salt exchange between the Gulf of Gdansk and the Baltic Proper, and the renewal of water masses in the Gulf of Gdansk due to atmospheric forcing are analyzed. The numerical simulations were performed with real atmospheric forcings as well as with homogeneous (spatially uniform) wind fields over the whole Baltic Sea. The numerical simulations showed that the atmospheric forcing (winds) can play a significant role in shaping the renewal of bottom saline waters in the Gulf of Gdansk. Two regions of inflow/outflow of saline waters responsible for the salinity regime were located. The overall water exchange between the Gulf and the Baltic Proper as well as the exchange of saline bottom waters appear to be strongly dependent on wind conditions. The net flux of water of salinity >9 PSU is of the order of 48000-100000 m3 s-1. SE, E, S and NE winds were found to exert the greatest influence on salinity conditions in the Gulf of Gdansk. Estimates of saline (salinity >9 PSU) water residence time based on the model simulation yielded values from 46 days for SE winds to 153 days for NW winds.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 Hydrodynamic modelling in the Polish Zone of the Baltic Sea - an overview of Polish achievements
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 107-120 Ewa Jasińska1, Małgorzata Robakiewicz1, Antoni Staśkiewicz2
1Institute of Hydro-Engineering, Polish Academy of Sciences, Koscierska 7, PL-80-953 Gdansk, Poland
2Maritime Institute in Gdansk, Dlugi Targ 41-42, PL-80-830 Gdansk, Poland;
e-mail: marob@ibwpan.gda.pl
Keywords: Modelling, hydrodynamics, Baltic Sea Manuscript received 17 December 2002, reviewed 6 February 2003, accepted 6 February 2003.

This paper was presented at the ECSA Symposium 34 "Estuaries and other brackish areas - pollution barriers or sources to the sea?", Gdansk-Sopot, 15-20 September 2002.
Abstract
This paper gives a general overview of Polish experience and achievements with regard to hydrodynamic modelling in the Polish zone of the Baltic Sea. The first work started already at the end of the sixties when the first 1D and 2D hydrodynamic models were set up. With the development of numerical methods and increasing computational power a number of 1D, 2D and 3D models were set up and tested. Global, regional and local models cover the most important water bodies, i.e. the Pomeranian Bay - Szczecin Lagoon and Gulf of Gdansk - Vistula Lagoon systems.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

 Ecological indices as a tool for assessing pollution in El-Dekhaila Harbour (Alexandria, Egypt)
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 121-131 Amany A. Ismael, Mohamed M. Dorgham
Oceanography Department, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, 21511 Alexandria, Egypt;
e-mail: amany_3@yahoo.com
Keywords: Phytoplankton, diversity indices, k-dominance curve Manuscript received 8 August 2002, reviewed 10 December 2002, accepted 27 January 2003.
Abstract
Statistical analyses of data concerning the phytoplankton standing crop and biomass were applied as a tool for assessing pollution in El-Dekhaila Harbour. Univariate and multivariate analysis showed a succession of three clusters associated with salinity and temperature variations. The first and third clusters comprised mainly diatoms and dinoflagellates. The second cluster, richer in species, was dominated by brackish water cyanophytes, chlorophytes and euglenophytes. The diversity index ranged from 0.08 to 2.41. A high diversity was associated with high evenness, reflecting the multidominance pattern of cluster (2). On the other hand, multiple correlations between salinity and standing crop, richness and evenness, were negative and significant, but positive with the diversity index. The ABC curve showed that the k-dominance curve for numerical abundance extends above that for the biomass when clusters 1 and 3 are dominant. Both curves coincide more or less for another segment of the curve but when cluster 2 becomes dominant the numerical abundance curve runs below that of the biomass. Such a pattern may indicate unpolluted or moderate to heavily polluted conditions in El-Dekhaila Harbour.
    The present study reveals that the combination of univariate and multivariate analysis with the ABC curve provides a promising tool for the characterization of phytoplankton dynamics under stress conditions. On the other hand, the phytoplankton community in El-Dekhaila Harbour is stressed not by the inflow of brackish water but rather by the inflow of sea water. This is indicated by the higher diversity and evenness, and by the ABC curve during the dominance of cluster (2).
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)

Chronicle

Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences - 50 YEAR HISTORY
Oceanologia 2003, 45(1), 133-168 Jerzy Dera
Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences, Powstancow Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: dera@iopan.gda.pl
Manuscript received 3 February 2003, reviewed 4 March 2003, accepted 10 March 2003.
full, complete article (PDF - compatibile with Acrobat 3.0)