Oceanologia No. 52 (4) / 10
Contents
Invited papers
Papers
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Solar radiation at the surface in the Baltic Proper: Sirje Keevallik, Kai Loitjärv
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Variability in aerosol optical properties at Hornsund, Spitsbergen: Anna Rozwadowska, Piotr Sobolewski
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Particulate organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea: numerical simulations and experimental data: Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka, Karol Kuliński,
Anna Maciejewska, Jaromir Jakacki, Janusz Pempkowiak
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Biogeochemical alteration of the benthic environment by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas): Anastasija Zaiko, Ričardas Paškauskas, Alina Krevš
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Distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in recent sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk (SE Baltic): Ludwik Lubecki, Grażyna Kowalewska
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The inflow of 234U and 238U from the River Odra drainage basin to the Baltic Sea: Bogdan Skwarzec, Agnieszka Tuszkowska, Alicja Boryło
Communications
Invited papers
Solar radiation in the Baltic Sea:
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 533-582
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.533
Jerzy Dera1, Bogdan Woźniak1,2
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
2Institute of Physics, Pomeranian Academy,
Arciszewskiego 22B, PL-76-200 Słupsk, Poland
keywords:
solar radiation, Baltic Sea, radiant energy totals, underwater irradiance attenuation, irradiance spectra, euphotic zone
Received 28 October 2010, revised 8 November 2010, accepted 15 November 2010.
The paper was invited by the Chairman of the Polish National SCOR. The work was carried out within the framework of IO PAS's statutory research and also as part of
the Satellite Monitoring of the Baltic Sea Environment project - SatBałtyk, co-founded by the European Union through European Regional Development Fund contract No. POIG 01.01.02-22-011/09.
Abstract
The influx of solar radiation to the Baltic Sea and its penetration into its waters is described on the basis of selected results of optical and bio-optical studies in the Baltic published by various authors during the past ca 50 years. The variability in the natural irradiance of this sea is illustrated on time scales from short-term fluctuations occurring during a single day to differences in mean monthly values over a period of many years. Data on variability of the proportions between UV, VIS and IR energy in the light reaching the sea surface are also discussed.
Long-term monthly mean values of the incident solar radiation flux at the surface of the Baltic Proper are given; they were obtained from meteorological and solar radiation measurements and model approximations. The transmittances of these mean monthly radiation fluxes across the surface of the Baltic are given, as are the typical energy
and spectral characteristics of the underwater irradiance, its attenuation with depth in the sea and the associated euphotic zone depths, as well as typical ranges of variability of these characteristics in different Baltic basins. Some of these characteristics are illustrated by typical empirical data. These mean values are not fully representative, however, because with the sole use of classical in situ measurement methods from on board research vessels in the Baltic, it has not been possible to gather a sufficiently
representative set of empirical data that would adequately reflect the variability of the optical characteristics of all the basins of this sea. The article goes on to introduce the statistical model of vertical distributions of chlorophyll a concentration in the Baltic and the bio-optical model of Baltic Case 2 waters, the use of which contribute very significantly to this description of the optical characteristics and will enable this data set to be hugely expanded to include all the Baltic basins. This opportunity is presented by the optical parameterization of Baltic Case 2 waters, i.e. by the mathematical formulas of the model linking the coefficient of attenuation of downward irradiance
with the surface chlorophyll a concentration, as well as the method developed for the efficient and systematic satellite remote sensing of the chlorophyll a concentration over the entire Baltic Sea area.
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Woźniak B., Woźniak S. B., Tyszka K., Ostrowska M., Majchrowski R., Ficek D., Dera J., 2005b, Modelling the light absorption properties of particulate matter forming organic particles suspended in seawater. Part 2. Modelling results, Oceanologia, 47 (4), 621-662.
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Papers
Solar radiation at the surface in the Baltic Proper:
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 583-597
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.583
Sirje Keevallik*, Kai Loitjärv
Marine Systems Institute, Tallinn University of Technology,
Akadeemia tee 21, EE-12618 Tallinn, Estonia;
e-mail: sirje.keevallik@gmail.com
*corresponding author
keywords:
solar radiation, Baltic Sea, actinometric measurements, BALTEX
Received 21 June 2010, revised 18 October 2010, accepted 29 October 2010.
This research was supported by targeted financing from the Estonian Ministry of Education and Science (grant SF0140017s08). Radiation data were drawn from the BALTEX meteorological data archive.
Abstract
Radiation data recorded at 12 sites around the central part of the Baltic Sea during 1996-2000 drawn from the BALTEX (Baltic Sea Experiment) meteorological data archives are used to study the spatio-temporal variability of daily global radiation totals. The annual average daily global radiation total varies from about 10 MJ m-2 at Visby
(on Gotland) and Kołobrzeg (on the coast of Poland) to less than 9 MJ m-2 at Zīlāni (inland Latvia), Šilutė (Lithuania)
and Jokioinen (Finland). The monthly average daily global radiation total over the whole region extends from 0.93 in December to 19.0 in June. The variability in global radiation is analysed on the basis of the fraction of the daily total at the top of the atmosphere.
The spatial and temporal variability is the least in August - this shows that the variation in the cloud cover and atmospheric properties at this time of year is the smallest. The spatial correlation is the strongest between the two Finnish stations - Vantaa and Jokioinen. It is also high between Stockholm and Norrköping, on the east coast of Sweden. The correlation coefficients are the largest over the whole area in April. Radiation data from coastal stations are compared with an earlier parameterization based
on ship observations (Rozwadowska & Isemer 1998, Isemer & Rozwadowska 1999). It is concluded that in climatological research, actinometric data from Visby can be used to characterize the radiation field over the northern part of the Baltic Proper and those from Kołobrzeg to characterize the radiation field over the southern part of this sea.
References
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Rozwadowska A., Isemer H. J., 1998,Solar radiation uxes at the surface of the Baltic Proper. Part 1. Mean annual cycle and in uencing factors Oceanologia, 40 (4), 307-330.
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Variability in aerosol optical properties at Hornsund, Spitsbergen
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 599-620
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.599
Anna Rozwadowska1,*, Piotr Sobolewski2
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: rozwadowska@iopan.gda.pl
*corresponding author
2Institute of Geophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Księcia Janusza 64, PL-01-452 Warsaw, Poland
keywords:
Arctic aerosols, aerosol optical thickness, backward trajectory, meteorological conditions, Hornsund, Spitsbergen
Received 20 September 2010, revised 21 October 2010, accepted 15 November 2010.
This research was carried out as part of the statutory programme of the Institute of Oceanology PAN in Sopot, Poland (No. I.1.1/2010).
Abstract
Spectra of the aerosol optical
thickness from the AERONET
station at Hornsund in 2005-2008 were employed to study the interseasonal and intraseasonal variability in aerosol optical thickness for λ=500 nm (AOT(500)) and the Ångström exponent in the southern part of Spitsbergen in spring and summer. The dependences of aerosol optical properties on long-range transport and local meteorological conditions, i.e.
wind direction and speed and humidity, were analysed.
Backward trajectories computed by means of NOAA HYSPLIT model (Draxler & Rolph 2003) were used to trace the air mass history.
The mean values of AOT(500) for spring and summer were 0.110 ± 0.007 (mean and standard deviation of the mean) and 0.048 ± 0.003
respectively. The average values of the Ångström exponent do not differ and take respective values of 1.44 ± 0.03
and 1.45 ± 0.03. In both seasons, the highest AOT(500) cases (the highest 20% of AOT values) can be explained by long-range
transport from Europe, Asia (spring and summer) and North America (summer). In summer, the impact of distant sources
on AOT is strongly modified by cleansing processes en route to Hornsund. Local meteorological conditions at the station are
of secondary importance as regards the intraseasonal variability of aerosol optical properties in the southern part of Spitsbergen.
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Particulate organic carbon in the southern Baltic Sea: numerical simulations and experimental data
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 621-648
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.621
Lidia Dzierzbicka-Głowacka*, Karol Kuliński, Anna Maciejewska, Jaromir Jakacki, Janusz Pempkowiak
1Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: dzierzb@iopan.gda.pl
*corresponding author
keywords:
POC, phytoplankton, zooplankton, detritus
Received 1 June 2010, revised 1 September 2010, accepted 6 October 2010.
The study was financially supported by the Polish State Committee
of Scientific Research (grant No. N N305 111636), ECOOP WP10 Project,
FP6 CarboOcean Project, Baltic_C - the BONUS B Project.
Abstract
Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) is an important component in the carbon cycle of land-locked seas. In this paper, we assess
the POC concentration in the Gdańsk Deep, southern Baltic Sea. Our study is based on both a 1D POC Model and current POC
concentration measurements. The aim is twofold: (i) validation of simulated concentrations with actual measurements, and (ii) a qualitative
assessment of the sources contributing to the POC pool.
The POC model consists of six coupled equations: five diffusion-type
equations for phytoplankton, zooplankton, pelagic detritus and nutrients (phosphate and total inorganic nitrogen) and one ordinary
differential equation for detritus at the bottom. The POC concentration is determined as the sum of phytoplankton, zooplankton and pelagic
detritus concentrations, all expressed in carbon equivalents. Bacteria are not simulated in this paper.
The observed large fluctuations of POC concentrations are attributed
to its appreciable seasonal variability. The maximum concentration of POC varied between 870 mgC m-3 in
May and 580 mgC m-3 in September, coinciding with the period of maximum dead organic matter and
phytoplankton biomass concentrations. The results of the numerical simulations are in good agreement with observed values. The difference
between the modelled and observed POC concentrations is equal to 3-28% and depends on the month for which the calculations were made,
although no time trend of the difference is observed. The conclusion is that the numerical simulations are a sufficiently good reflection
of POC dynamics in the Baltic.
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Biogeochemical alteration of the benthic environment by the zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha (Pallas)
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 649-667
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.649
Anastasija Zaiko1,*, Ričardas Paškauskas1,2, Alina Krevš2
1Coastal Research and Planning Institute, Klaipeda University,
H. Manto 84, LT-92294 Klaipeda, Lithuania;
e-mail: anastasija@corpi.ku.lt
*corresponding author
2
Institute of Botany, Nature Research Centre,
Žaliųjų ežerų 49, LT-2021 Vilnius, Lithuania
keywords:
ecosystem engineer, soft bottom, nitrogen, phosphorus, mineralization, oxygen consumption
Received 20 July 2010, revised 21 September 2010, accepted 27 September 2010.
This study was supported by the Lithuanian State Sciences and Studies Foundation Project BINLIT (contract C-04/2008/2) "Biological
invasions in Lithuanian ecosystems under the climate change: causes, impacts and projections", and EU FP7 project MEECE (contract
212085) Marine Ecosystem Evolution in a Changing Environment.
Abstract
The aim of this study was to verify whether the biogeochemical
features (e.g. concentration of nutrients, oxygen consumption,
mineralization rate, Eh) of sediments changed by the zebra mussel
or its shell deposits differ from those in the ambient soft bottom,
and how these differences are related to the structure of benthic
macroinvertebrates. In 2006 three sampling sessions were carried
out in the Curonian Lagoon, SE Baltic Sea, at three pre-defined
sites, corresponding to different bottom types: zebra mussel
bed, zebra mussel shell deposits and bare soft sediments. Similarity
analysis of biogeochemical parameters indicated that bottom sediments
covered with zebra mussel shell deposits were rather distinct
from the other bottom types because of the lowest total organic
matter mineralization rate and highest organic carbon, total
phosphorus and total nitrogen content. The parameters measured
in the zebra mussel bed did not deviate conspicuously from the
values observed in bare bottoms, except for the higher rate of
oxygen consumption in the upper sediment layer. Unsuitable anoxic
conditions on the one hand and the "attractive" shelters provided
by zebra mussels on the other hand may promote the epifaunal
life style in the habitats formed by dense zebra mussel clumps.
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Distribution and fate of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in recent sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk (SE Baltic)
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 669-703
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.669
Ludwik Lubecki, Grażyna Kowalewska*
Marine Pollution Laboratory, Institute of Oceanology, Polish Academy of Sciences,
Powstańców Warszawy 55, PL-81-712 Sopot, Poland;
e-mail: Kowalewska@iopan.gda.pl
*corresponding author
keywords:
sediment pollution, sediments, hydrocarbons, risk assessment, PAHs, coastal zone, Baltic, Gulf of Gdańsk
Received 2 August 2010, revised 24 September 2010, accepted 30 September 2010.
This work was carried out within the framework of the statutory project of IO PAS, Sopot and partly funded by Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland (contract No. 4246/B/P01/2008/34).
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in recent (0-10 cm) sediments from the Gulf of Gdańsk during 2003-07 and
correlated with environmental parameters. Located in the south-eastern part of the Baltic and receiving the waters of the River Wisła
(Vistula), this area of negligible tides and strong anthropogenic stress, highly eutrophic as a consequence, is an exceptional
model basin for studying the fate of hydrophobic organic contaminants introduced to the sea. Environmental conditions determine the
distribution and composition patterns of parent PAHs in Gulf of Gdańsk sediments. PAHs were associated mainly with fine particle
sediments, rich in organic carbon, with hypoxia/anoxia near the bottom. The highest PAH contents were found in the Gdańsk Deep
(ca 110 m), where the mean concentration of Σ12PAHs was ~3600 ng g-1, and no distinct temporal trend was observed.
Lighter PAHs were found to be depleted in deeper regions. It was estimated that the Wisła discharges ~50% of the total PAH load deposited in recent Gulf sediments.
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The inflow of 234U and 238U from the River Odra drainage basin to the Baltic Sea
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 705-725
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.705
Bogdan Skwarzec*, Agnieszka Tuszkowska, Alicja Boryło
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Gdańsk,
Sobieskiego 18/19, PL-80-952 Gdańsk, Poland;
e-mail: bosk@chem.univ.gda.pl
*corresponding author
keywords:
Uranium, 234U, 238U, River Odra, Poland
Received 28 September 2009, revised 11 August 2010, accepted 2 September 2010.
The authors would like to thank the Minister of Sciences and Higher Education for the financial support of this work under grant number: DS/8460-4-0176-0 and BW-8000-5-0249-9.
Abstract
In this study the activity of uranium isotopes 234U and 238U in Odra river water samples, collected from October 2003 to July
2004, was measured using alpha spectrometry. The uranium concentrations were different in each of the seasons analysed; the lowest values were recorded in summer. In all seasons, uranium concentrations were the highest in Bystrzyca river waters (from 27.81 ± 0.29Bq m-3 of 234U and 17.82 ± 0.23 Bq m-3 of 238U in spring to 194.76 ± 3.43 Bq m-3 of 234U and 134.88 ± 2.85 Bq m-3 of 238U in summer). The lowest concentrations were noted in the Mała Panew (from 1.33 ± 0.02 Bq m-3 of 234U and 1.06 ± 0.02 Bq m-3 of 238U in spring to 3.52 ± 0.05 Bq m-3 of 234U and 2.59± 0.04 Bq m-3 of 238U in autumn). The uranium radionuclides 234U and 238U in the water samples were not in radioactive equilibrium. The 234U / 238U activity ratios were the highest in Odra water samples collected at Głogów (1.84 in autumn), and the lowest in water from the Noteć (1.03 in winter and spring). The 234U / 238U activity ratio decreases along the main stream of the Odra, owing to changes in the salinity of the river's waters. Annually, 8.19 tons of uranium (126.29 G Bq of 234U and 100.80 G Bq of 238U) flow into the Szczecin Lagoon with Odra river waters.
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Communications
First records of Ponto-Caspian gammarids in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea)
Oceanologia 2010, 52(4), 727-735
http://dx.doi.org/10.5697/oc.52-4.727
Aldona Dobrzycka-Krahel, Halina Rzemykowska
Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk,
al. Marszałka Piłsudskiego 46, PL-81-378 Gdynia, Poland;
e-mail: oceadk@ug.edu.pl; halina.rzemykowska@gmail.com;
keywords:
non-indigenous species, Ponto-Caspian gammarids, Pontogammarus robustoides, Dikerogammarus haemobaphes, Dikerogammarus villosus, Obesogammarus crassus, Gulf of Gdańsk, Baltic Sea
Received 6 October 2010, revised 8 October 2010, accepted 15 October 2010.
Abstract
The paper reports the first records of non-indigenous Ponto-Caspian gammarid species:
Pontogammarus robustoides (G. O. Sars, 1894), Obesogammarus crassus (G. O. Sars, 1894), Dikerogammarus haemobaphes (Eichwald,
1841) and the latest colonizer - Dikerogammarus villosus (Sowinsky, 1894) - in the Gulf of Gdańsk (southern Baltic Sea).
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